Children born to parents with a history of cigarette smoking are more likely to light up than kids of people who never smoked, according to a new U.S. study.

Despite falling smoking rates across age groups, researchers found that children raised by current or even former smokers were about three times more likely to be smokers themselves during their teenage years than kids raised by parents who never smoked.

“Things are getting better, but we can see it’s best among the consistent non-smoking households,” said Mike Vuolo, the study’s lead author from Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana.

Previous research has produced similar results, but the new study was based on 23 years of data on the smoking patterns of the parents in the study – 214 people who were ninth grade students in 1988 – to see whether their habits from adolescence onward were tied to their children’s risk of smoking.

For example, Vuolo and his colleague, who published their findings in Pediatrics, were able to compare the children of never-smokers and people who had smoked consistently since high school.

They had data on 314 children of the original group of teens. In 2011, the kids of the second generation – all at least 11 years old – were asked if they had smoked cigarettes within the last year. Sixteen percent said yes.

Among the children of parents who had never smoked, about 8 percent reported smoking cigarettes during the past year.

That compared to between 23 percent and 29 percent of the children of current or former smokers.